Amakuru - Guhuza Amabuye mu Rugo rw'Abashinwa: Guhuza Imigenzo n'Ubugezweho

Igishushanyo cy'amabuye cyo mu Rugo rw'Abashinwa

Ibyerekeye Umwanditsi

Dr. Liu Wei, Umuyobozi wa R&D ku Kibuye cya Ruifengyuan

Impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu bumenyi bw'ibikoresho hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora amabuye. Yateguye uburyo bwo gukora ibintu bitandukanye buhuza gushushanya gakondo n'uburyo bwo gukora bwa CNC mu mishinga y'ubwubatsi irenga 180. Yasohoye ubushakashatsi ku miterere y'ibikoresho mu gutunganya amabuye mu kinyamakuru cy'ikoranabuhanga ritunganya ibikoresho.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

Igishushanyo mbonera cy'amabuye yo mu gikari cy'Abashinwa, gifite imizi irenga imyaka 2.000, gihuza ibimenyetso by'umuco n'ubwubatsi nk'uko ibizamini bya none byemeza. Ubusanzwe amabuye afata 15 kugeza 25% by'ubuso bw'igikari mu bishushanyo gakondo, igipimo gishobora gukoreshwa mu mishinga ya none. Ibuye ry'ubururu n'ibuye rya granite bitanga umuhanda uramba cyane ku birere bitose, mu gihe ibuye rya Taihu rikomeje gukundwa kubera imiterere yaryo. Guhindura ubusobanuro bwa none bishobora guhindura uburebure bw'amabuye kugeza kuri 30 kugeza kuri 40% mu gihe bikomeza kuringaniza amaso binyuze mu guhitamo neza ibikoresho. Gutegura neza ishingiro no gufunga byongera igihe cyo gukora kirenga imyaka 50 ku mabuye yo mu gikari.

Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubusitani bw'Abashinwa ni kimwe mu migenzo ya kera cyane ku isi mu bwubatsi, aho amabuye ari yo ahora akoreshwa mu buryo burambye. Kuva ku nzira z'amabuye y'agaciro zo mu busitani bw'abahanga mu ngoma ya Ming kugeza ku miterere y'ubusitani bugezweho, amabuye karemano yagennye isano iri hagati y'inyubako zubatswe n'ibidukikije. **Ingorane abashushanya ba none bahura nazo ni ukubungabunga ukuri kw'umuco mu gihe bahuza ibikoresho bigezweho n'uburyo bwo kubaka.** Nk'uko Ikigo cya Getty Conservation Institute kibitangaza, hejuru ya 70% by'inyubako z'ubusitani bw'Abashinwa za kera zirimo amabuye gakondo akeneye ubumenyi bwihariye mu kubungabunga ibidukikije kugira ngo zibungabungwe. Iyi nyandiko isuzuma uburyo amahame gakondo yo guhuza amabuye y'ubusitani bw'Abashinwa ashobora guhindurwa mu mishinga igezweho yo guturamo no kwakira abashyitsi.

Ibikoresho gakondo by'amabuye byo mu rugo rw'Abashinwa n'akamaro kabyo mu muco

**Imigenzo y'amabuye yo mu busitani bw'Abashinwa yagarutse mu myaka irenga 2.000 ishize,** hamwe n'ingoma zitandukanye zikunda ubwoko butandukanye bw'amabuye. Ibuye rya Taihu, ryacukuwe hafi y'ikiyaga cya Tai mu Ntara ya Jiangsu, ryahawe agaciro kuva ku ngoma ya Tang kubera imiterere yaryo yangiritse, ishushanya ubwiza bwa Taoist bw'ubusembwa karemano. Amabuye y'abahanga (gongshi), amabuye yangiritse karemano agaragara ukwayo, ahagarariye igitekerezo cya Confucius cyo gutekereza neza. Iyi migenzo yashyizeho amahame akomeje kugira ingaruka ku guhitamo amabuye yo mu gikari cy'Abashinwa muri iki gihe.

Ibuye ry'ubururu (qingshi), ibuye ry'umucanga rinini cyangwa irya lime, ritanga ibikoresho bikomeye byo kugenderaho biboneka mu bikari byabugenewe muri Suzhou na Beijing. Amabara yaryo y'ubururu buto cyane y'umukara n'umweru ahora ahindagurika neza, bigatuma habaho imiterere y'urukuta rwanditse ku myaka myinshi y'urugendo rw'amaguru. Ubwoko bwa granite burimo isaro ry'Abashinwa n'umweru wa sesame bwakoreshejwe mu miterere y'inyubako nk'intambwe, inkingi, n'ibiraro bitewe n'imbaraga zabyo zo gukanda zirenga psi 19.000. Aya mahitamo y'ibikoresho ntabwo yari ashingiye ku bushake—**yagaragazaga ubumenyi bwimbitse ku miterere y'amabuye nk'uko ikoranabuhanga rya none ryemeza.**

Amahame y'igishushanyo mbonera cyo guhuza amabuye yo mu gikari cy'Abashinwa

Uburinganire bw'imiterere y'amabuye n'imiterere yoroshye mu gishushanyo mbonera cy'amabuye yo mu busitani gakondo

Ihame ry'ibanze mu Gishinwaguhuza amabuye yo mu busitanini uburinganire hagati y’ibintu bya yin (byoroshye, organic) na yang (bikomeye, imiterere). **Ibuye rihagarariye yang—ihoraho, ifite imiterere, kandi isobanutse.** Igomba kuringanizwa n’amazi, ibimera, n’ahantu hafunguye. Ubushakashatsi bwa Getty Conservation Institute ku busitani bwa kera bwa Suzhou bwerekana ko ubusanzwe amabuye afata 15 kugeza kuri 25% by’ubuso bw’igikari mu miterere gakondo, igipimo abahanga mu by’ubwubatsi bw’ubu bashobora kwemeza ku gipimo nyacyo.

Ubusobanuro bushya bugezweho bukunze guhindura iki gipimo kikagera kuri 30 kugeza kuri 40% by'amabuye atwikiriye kugira ngo ahuze n'imiterere y'ahantu hagezweho, ibikoresho byo hanze, n'urujya n'uruza rw'abantu. Ikintu cy'ingenzi ni ugukomeza kureba neza binyuze mu guhitamo neza ibikoresho. Amabara yoroheje y'amabuye atuma habaho uburemere buke bwo kureba, bigatuma ahantu hanini hatarengerwa n'ahantu. Amabuye yijimye kandi afite imiterere myinshi asaba ko ahantu hanini ho kubika kugira ngo hakomeze kuba ubwumvikane busanzwe bwo gufungura.

Ibishushanyo by'amabuye yo mu nzira n'amabuye yo gushushanya urugo rw'Abashinwa

Inzira zo mu busitani gakondo bw'Abashinwa zikurikiza imiterere yihariye yo gushyiraho. Gutunganya amabuye hakoreshejwe uruziga rw'urukiramende (binglie) bikoresha ibice by'amabuye bidahuje neza bifatanye nta cyuho gihamye, bigatuma habaho ishusho y'ibinyabuzima. Gutunganya amabuye hakoreshejwe imiterere y'urukiramende (hua pu) bishushanya amabuye mu buryo bw'ikigereranyo—ibiceri, udusimba, cyangwa imiterere y'ubuhanga—bigaragaza uburumbuke n'amahirwe. **Ubu buryo bwombi bushyira imbere ubusumbane kuruta bumwe,** bigaragaza uburyo ubwiza bw'Abashinwa bungana.

Ku bijyanye n'ikoreshwa rya none, amabati y'amabuye afatanye afite ubuziranenge bwa CNC agera ku buryo budasanzwe bwo kureba mu buryo gakondo mu gihe yujuje ibisabwa mu miterere ya none. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'Ingoro Ndangamurage y'Igihugu ku bikoresho birambye byo gutunganya imiterere y'ubutaka bugaragaza ko amabuye akozwe neza ashobora kugira ubuzima bwiza bwo gukoresha mu gikari burengeje imyaka 50, ugereranyije n'imyaka 15 kugeza kuri 20 yo gukoresha sima.

Guhuza amabuye yo mu Rugo rw'Abashinwa (2)

Guhuza Ibintu gakondo by'Amabuye n'Ubwubatsi Bugezweho

Guhitamo amabuye yo gukoresha mu ibara rya Palette z'amabara zo mu Rugo rwa none

Amabara gakondo y'amabuye yo mu gikari y'Abashinwa—imvi-ubururu, imvi ishyushye, n'umweru udasanzwe—aracyafite akamaro mu miterere ya none ariko ashobora kuzuzwa n'ubwoko bunini bw'amabuye. Granite yirabura yijimye itanga itandukaniro rikomeye ku nkuta z'umweru, ikintu gikunze kugaragara mu buryo bugezweho gishingiye ku miterere y'umujyi wo mu mazi wa Jiangnan. Amabuye y'umucanga ashyushye ya beige akora ahantu hatuje hakwiriye igishushanyo mbonera cy'igikari gito. **Ubushyuhe bw'ibara ry'amabuye bugomba guhuza n'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi:** imvi ikonje ikwiranye na sima n'ibirahure, mu gihe imvi ishyushye yuzuza ibiti na sima karemano.

Guhitamo irangi ry'ubuso bigira ingaruka ku isura n'imikorere. Irangi ry'ubuso rikozwe mu bihuru ritanga ubuso budashobora kunyerera bwo guparika hanze mu gihe rikora ubunararibonye bwo gukoraho butandukanya amabuye karemano n'andi mabuye yakozwe. Irangi ry'ubuso rikozwe mu biti ritanga ubuso bwiza bwo kwicaraho n'ameza. Itandukaniro riri hagati y'irangi rikozwe mu biti n'ibice byoroshye byo gushyiramo ibintu bitanga ishusho iyobora ingendo mu gikari.

Inkuta z'amabuye nk'ahantu ho kwibanda ku kibuga

Inkuta zigezweho mu gishushanyo mbonera cy’ubu cy’Abashinwa zikura ibitekerezo ku rukuta gakondo rwarindaga imyuka mibi mu gihe rutanga ubuzima bwite. Ubusobanuro bugezweho bukoresha amabuye ashyizwe hamwe, amabaraza ya marimari ahuye n’ibitabo, cyangwa amabaraza ashushanyije kugira ngo habeho ahantu ho gushyira ibintu mu cyumba cyo hanze. Imitako y’amabuye maremare igomba guhuzwa n’ubwubatsi kugira ngo ijyane n’uburemere, ubusanzwe ibiro 12 kugeza kuri 18 kuri metero kare kuri veneer y’amabuye ifite santimetero 2 kugeza kuri 3.

Ibintu by'amazi bihujwe n'amabuye bitanga ubunararibonye mu gikari bw'abantu benshi. **Urusaku rw'amazi atemba hejuru y'amabuye afite imiterere ifunze urusaku rwo mu mijyi mu gihe akonjesha ikirere.** Minisiteri y'Ingufu muri Amerika ivuga ko ibintu by'amazi byakozwe neza bishobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere ho dogere 5 kugeza kuri 8 mu nkengero zayo binyuze mu gukonjesha kw'amazi, bigatuma ibintu by'amazi bigizwe n'amabuye biba ubwiza n'imikorere myiza mu gikari cya none.

Ibikoresho by'amabuye n'imitako byo mu rugo

Intebe z'amabuye, ameza, n'imitako byuzuza imiterere y'urugo. Ingoma gakondo z'amabuye n'imiterere y'intebe bishobora gusobanurwa mu buryo bugezweho hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bimwe. Ubuhanga bwo gushushanya amabuye bwemerera imitako yihariye ifite ibishushanyo mbonera by'umuco nta mateka nyayo yakozwe. Udupapuro tw'ubutabazi twakozwe na CNC dufite imiterere yoroheje y'ibicu, umuraba, cyangwa imisozi bitanga ahantu ho gushingira umuco mu gihe bikomeza kugaragaza ubwiza bwa none.

Uburemere bw'ibikoresho by'amabuye busaba kwitabwaho aho bishyirwa n'aho bishyirwa. Ibice birenza ibiro 200 bigomba gushyirwa ku rufatiro rwa sima ikomeye aho gushyirwa ku mabuye. Imiterere y'ibikoresho by'amabuye y'ibumba ubu yemerera kongera kuvugurura imiterere yabyo mu gihe bikomeza kuba byiza kandi bigakomeza kuba umwihariko w'amabuye. Guhuza ibikoresho hagati y'ibikoresho n'amabuye yegeranye bitanga ishusho imwe, mu gihe itandukaniro rigamije gukurura abantu ku bice bimwe na bimwe.

Guhuza amabuye yo mu Rugo rw'Abashinwa (1)

Kubungabunga no Kuramba kw'Ishyirwaho ry'Amabuye yo mu Rugo

Ubuso bw'amabuye yo mu gikari bugaragara ahantu ho hanze busaba uburyo bukwiye bwo kuyabungabunga. Gusukura mu gihe cy'umwaka hakoreshejwe isuku y'amabuye idafite pH ibuza ubwiyongere bw'ibinyabuzima mu turere dutose. Gushyiramo agakoresho ko gufunga buri myaka 2 kugeza kuri 3 ku mabuye ya granite menshi kandi buri mwaka ku mabuye y'umucanga afite imyenge birinda irangi cyangwa kwangirika kw'ikirere. **Amabwiriza ya Getty Conservation Institute ku matekaibuye ryo mu busitanindagusaba kwirinda gukaraba hakoreshejwe umuvuduko mwinshi urenze 1.200 psi,** bishobora kwangiza amabuye yoroshye no kwangiza ibice by'icyuma gifunga.

Ku birebana n’ibishushanyo gakondo bya Taihu, abahanga mu kubungabunga ibidukikije basaba ko hakorwa igenzura rya buri mwaka ku birebana n’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima n’imiterere y’inyubako. Imiterere y’ibibuga bigezweho yungukira ku miterere myiza y’imiyoboro y’amazi n’itegurwa ry’ubutaka rigabanya kwangirika kw’amazi. Gutegura neza urufatiro hamwe n’ibice bito n’imiyoboro y’amazi byongera igihe cyo gukoresha amabuye mu nzira, nk’uko byagaragajwe mu bushakashatsi ku miterere y’ubutaka.

Suzuma Ibicuruzwa Bijyanye n'Amabuye yo mu Gikari cy'Abashinwa

Ku bijyanye n'inzira zo mu gikari, amabara y'amabuye y'agaciro karemano atanga ibikoresho biramba byo mu gikari mu mabara ashyushye. Inkingi z'amabuye y'imitako zikora nk'ibimenyetso gakondo byo kwinjira cyangwa ahantu ho kwibanda ku busitani. Ibyuma bibajwe bifite imitako bitanga imiterere myiza ku nkuta z'igikari. Imitako y'amabuye yuzuzanya n'imitako mu gikari.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa Ku bijyanye no Guhuza Amabuye mu Gikari cy'Abashinwa

Q1: Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'amabuye bukora neza mu gusiga amabuye mu busitani gakondo bw'Abashinwa mu turere dushyushye?

Ubwoko bwa Bluestone (qingshi) na granite ni byo byiza cyane mu gutunganya ahantu hashyushye mu kirere. Aya mabuye akomeye anyunyuza ubushuhe buri munsi ya 0.20% ukurikije uburemere, arwanya kwangirika kw'ubukonje no gukura kw'ibinyabuzima. Amabuye y'agaciro n'umucanga byoroshye bisaba kwitabwaho cyane mu bihe by'ubushuhe. Iby'ubushyuhe cyangwa ibihuru bikozwe mu ibumba bituma habaho kudacika kw'ubutaka mu turere tw'imvura.

Q2: Ni gute imiterere y'ibibuga bigezweho ishobora gushyiramo ubwiza gakondo bw'amabuye y'Abashinwa mu buryo bw'ukuri?

Guhuza by’ukuri byibanda ku mahame aho kwibasira ubwiza nyabwo. Gumana igipimo cya 15 kugeza kuri 25% cy’amabuye ku busitani busanzwe. Koresha amabuye aturuka mu gace utuyemo aho bishoboka. Shyiramo ubusumbane karemano mu miterere y’amabuye. Hitamo amabara y’umukara n’ubururu cyangwa imvi ishyushye nk’amabara y’ibanze. Ongeraho ikintu kimwe cy’umuco—nk’urukuta rwashushanyijeho cyangwa ibuye ry’umuhanga—aho kugira ngo urenze umwanya wose ukoresheje ibisobanuro by’igihe.

Q3: Ubunini bw'amabuye yo mu gikari busabwa gute kugira ngo budacika?

Ku bijyanye n'inyubako z'abanyamaguru, amabuye agomba kuba afite ubugari bwa cm 3 kuri granite na cm 4 ku mabuye yoroshye nk'amabuye y'umucanga. Ahantu imodoka zinyura hagomba kuba hari ubugari bwa cm 5. Gutegura neza urufatiro rufite cm 15 z'umusenyi ufatanye na cm 3 z'umucanga ni ingenzi hatitawe ku bugari bwa pavement, kuko akenshi hacikamo uduce duto duturuka ku butaka budahagije aho kuba uburebure buke bw'amabuye.

Q4: Ese ingwa gakondo ya Taihu ishobora gukoreshwa mu bishushanyo mbonera by'ibibuga bigezweho, kandi ituruka he?

Ibuye rya Taihu riracyaboneka mu mishinga igezweho, nubwo kurengera ibidukikije bifite ubucukuzi buke. Amabuye yasubiwemo yo kuvugurura inyubako atanga ubundi buryo bwiza. Ku mabuye mashya, ibwe rya limetero nk'iryo rikomoka ku zindi mabuye yo mu Bushinwa ritanga ubwiza nk'ubwo. Aya mabuye akeneye gukingirwa kugira ngo adahinduka kandi ntagomba gushyirwa ahantu hashobora kwangirika imyunyu ngugu cyangwa aside ishobora kuyakoraho.

Q5: Guhitamo amabuye yo mu gikari bigira ingaruka zite ku bushyuhe bwo hanze mu mpeshyi?

Ubuso bw'amabuye yijimye bufata imirasire y'izuba myinshi kandi bushobora kugera ku bushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere 20 na 30 z'ubushyuhe ugereranyije n'ikirere mu minsi y'izuba. Amabuye y'agaciro n'amabuye y'agaciro agaragaza ubushyuhe bwinshi, bigatuma ubushyuhe bw'ubutaka bwegera ikirere. Ubuso bw'umuriro cyangwa bufite imiterere igabanya ubushyuhe bufata ugereranije n'ubushyuhe busesuye bw'ibara rimwe. Ibiti by'igicucu, ibyuma, cyangwa imiterere y'amazi yegereye aho amabuye ashyirwa bishobora kugabanya ubushyuhe ho dogere 10 kugeza 15 z'ubushyuhe.

Q6: Ni iyihe shusho y'amabuye iramba cyane ku bikoresho byo mu gikari n'imyanya yo kwicaramo?

Imitako y'amabuye cyangwa uruhu irakomera cyane ku bikoresho by'amabuye byangiritse mu gihe cy'ikirere. Imitako y'amabuye iraserera iyo itose kandi ikagaragaza ko yangiritse kubera imvura ivanze n'aside. Imitako y'amahirwe, nubwo iramba, ishobora kugorana kwicara. Granite na basalt nini ni byiza kuruta marble ku bikoresho byo hanze bitewe n'uko bitarandurwa neza kandi ntibisaba ko ibungabungwa neza. Gufunga buri mwaka birinda kwangirika no kwangirika.

Umwanzuro

Guhuza amabuye yo mu gikari cy'Abashinwa bigaragaza ikiganiro hagati y'ubwenge bwa kera n'igishushanyo mbonera cya none. Mu gusobanukirwa akamaro k'umuco k'ibikoresho gakondo nka kamenayimu ya Taihu n'ibuye ry'ubururu, no gushyira mu bikorwa amahame yo kuringaniza yin-yang, uburyo bwo gutwikira ibintu mu buryo bungana, no kudahuza ibintu karemano, abashushanya ba none bashobora gukora ahantu ho mu gikari hubahiriza umuco mu gihe bujuje amahame y'imikorere n'ubwiza bw'iki gihe. Kuva ku miterere y'inzira kugeza ku nkuta n'ibikoresho, buri kintu cy'amabuye gikora ku bidukikije byo hanze bihuza umurage n'ibigezweho.